Orofacial space infections, etiology, microbiological susceptibility and surgical management / Infecciones del espacio orofacial, etiología, susceptibilidad microbiológica y manejo quirúrgico

Orofacial infections are considered as one of most common infections and need rapid and adequate treatment as they affect a very delicate region and are associated with serious life-threatening complications. Orofacial infections can be either odontogenic that is with an origin in teeth and associated structures or non-odontogenic, not associated with teeth, can affect facial spaces and spread from one space to another, so a good knowledge about diagnosis and treating these infections is of utmost importance, and can include both non-surgical and surgical treatment. The aim of our study was to determine the most common cause of orofacial infections, the most common bacterial microorganisms and their antibiotic susceptibility. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was undertaken in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Al-Shaheed Ghazi Al-Hariry Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq from 1st January to 30th September 2015. This study included 45 patients with different forms of orofacial infections; data regarding age, gender, underlying cause, facial space involvement, presenting signs were collected through history, clinical examination and radiographs, incision and drainage with swab sample for culture and sensitivity test was performed. Results: Patients with orofacial infections showed a female to male ratio of 1.25:1. The mean age was 32.8 years. Most of the patients were in their 4th decade of life (27%). Most infections were odontogenic in origin (62%), the most common facial space involved was submandibular (65%), the most common isolated microorganism was Streptococcus pyogenes (59%), and most patients were treated using an extra-oral surgical approach (78%). Antibiotics to which bacterial isolated showed the most sensitivity were netilmicin, cefoperazone and rifampicin (91%). Pain and limitation of mouth opening gradually decreased in most of patients during the two weeks follow up period. Conclusion: Orofacial infections were more common in females, in the third and fourth decade of life, were odontogenic in origin, were mostly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, and most isolates were susceptible to netilmicin, cefoperazone and rifampicin. Pain and trismus decreased over two weeks post-treatment.

Las infecciones orofaciales se consideran una de las infecciones más comunes y necesitan un tratamiento rápido y adecuado, ya que afectan una región muy delicada y se asocian con complicaciones graves que amenazan la vida. Las infecciones orofaciales pueden ser odontogénicas que se originan en los dientes y las estructuras asociadas, o no odontogénicas, no asociadas con los dientes, pueden afectar los espacios faciales y propagarse de un espacio a otro, por lo que un buen conocimiento sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de estas infecciones es de suma importancia, y puede incluir tratamiento no quirúrgico y quirúrgico. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar la causa más común de infecciones orofaciales, los microorganismos bacterianos más comunes y su susceptibilidad a los antibióticos. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el Departamento de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial, Hospital Al-Shaheed Ghazi Al-Hariry, Bagdad, Iraq del 1 de enero al 30 de septiembre de 2015. Este estudio incluyó a 45 pacientes con diferentes formas de infecciones orofaciales; Se recopilaron datos sobre edad, sexo, causa subyacente, afectación del espacio facial, signos de presentación a través de la historia, examen clínico y radiografías, incisión y drenaje con muestra de hisopo para cultivo y prueba de sensibilidad. Resultado: Los pacientes con infecciones orofaciales mostraron una relación mujer/hombre de 1.25: 1. La edad media fue de 32,8 años. La mayoría de los pacientes estaban en su cuarta década de vida (27%). La mayoría de las infecciones fueron de origen odontogénico (62%), el espacio facial más común involucrado fue submandibular (65%), el microorganismo aislado más común fue Streptococcus pyogenes (59%), y la mayoría de los pacientes fueron tratados con un abordaje quirúrgico extraoral (78%). Los antibióticos a los que las bacterias aisladas mostraron mayor sensibilidad fueron netilmicina, cefoperazona y rifampicina (91%). El dolor y la limitación de la apertura de la boca disminuyeron gradualmente en la mayoría de los pacientes durante el período de seguimiento de dos semanas. Conclusión:Las infecciones orofaciales fueron más comunes en las mujeres, en la tercera y cuarta década de la vida, fueron de origen odontogénico, fueron causadas principalmente por Streptococcus pyogenes y la mayoría de los aislamientos fueron susceptibles a la netilmicina, cefoperazona y rifampicina. El dolor y el trismo disminuyeron durante las dos semanas posteriores al tratamiento.

Osteoradionecrosis of the jaws: case series treated with adjuvant low-level laser therapy and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy

Abstract Background: Osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ) is the most severe and complex sequel of head and neck radiotherapy (RT) because of the bone involved, it may cause pain, paresthesia, foul odor, fistulae with suppuration, need for extra oral communication and pathological fracture. We treated twenty lesions of ORNJ using low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The objective of this study was to stimulate the affected area to homeostasis and to promote the healing of the oral mucosa. Methods: We performed aPDT on the exposed bone, while LLLT was performed around the bone exposure (red spectrum) and on the affected jaw (infrared spectrum). Monitoring and clinical intervention occurred weekly or biweekly for 2 years. Results: 100% of the sample presented clinical improvement, and 80% presented complete covering of the bone exposure by intact oral mucosa. Conclusion: LLLT and aPDT showed positive results as an adjuvant therapy to treat ORNJ.

Estudo prospectivo randomizado de duplo cego de dois protocolos de cobertura antibiótica na prevenção de osteorradionecrose em pacientes tratados com radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço / Prospective randomized double blind study of two antibiotics protocols for the prevention of osteoradionecrosis following dental extractions in irradiated head and neck cancer patients

A osteorradionecrose (ORN) dos maxilares é uma grave complicação do tratamento radioterápico do câncer de cabeça e pescoço. A realização de exodontias em pacientes que realizaram radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço aumenta o risco de ocorrer osteorradionecrose. Foi realizado estudo prospectivo randomizado e duplo cego com dois protocolos antibióticos utilizados para prevenir a ocorrência de ORN. Pacientes do grupo 1 (G1) utilizaram cobertura antibiótica com amoxicilina 500 mg, a cada 8 horas, via oral, por 8 dias iniciando um dia antes da exodontia, pacientes do grupo 2 (G2) utilizaram cobertura antibiótica com amoxicilina 500mg a cada 8 horas via oral, por 4 dias, iniciando um dia antes do procediemento, continuando por 3 dias após a cirurgia, e utilizando placebo de igual aparência por 4 dias. Onze pacientes foram incluídos no estudo sendo 10 deles do sexo masculino. A idade média dos pacientes foi de 56± 7anos, e 63,6% utilizaram mais de 6.000 cGy durante a radioterapia. Foram realizados 36 procedimentos cirúrgicos, e 51 dentes foram extraídos. Dois pacientes (18,1%) apresentaram três áreas (5,9%) com sinais de ORN em um período médio de acompanhamento de 10± 7 meses. Todos as áreas necróticas ocorreram em região posterior (pré-molares e molares), apresentavam um ou os dois dentes com presença de lesão radiográfica, ocorreram após cirurgias com duração maior que 13 minutos, e apresentavam 1 ou 2 dentes com doença periodontal como motivo da exodontia. Duas áreas necróticas ocorreram em mandíbula, e um em maxila. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre a prevalência de sinais de ORN quando considerado o número de pacientes, procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados, dentes extraídos ou o protocolo antibiótico utilizado. O protocolo utilizado por G2 reduziu o risco de sinais de ORN em pacientes que receberam tratamento radioterápico em região de cabeça e pescoço e que necessitaram remover dentes devido a doença periodontal.

Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of jaws is a severe complication of head and neck cancer radiotherapy. Dental extractions in irradiated head and neck cancer patients increases ORN risk. A prospective, randomized, double blind study with two different ORN prevention antibiotics protocols were performed. Group 1 patients (G1) received 8th hourly oral amoxicillin 500mg for 8 days starting 1 day pre extraction, and group 2 patients (G2) received 8th hourly oral amoxicillin 500mg for 4 days starting 1 day pre extraction, followed by 4 days of a same appearance placebo drug. A total of 11 patients (10 male and one female) underwent extractions of teeth. Mean age of the patients was 56± 7 years, and 63,6% received more than 6.000cGy radiation dosages. Thirty-six surgery procedures were performed, and 51 teeth were extracted. After a mean follow-up period of 10± 7 months three ORN signals (maxilla 1/mandible 2) were reported, in 2 (18,1%) patients. Necrotic areas envolve theposterior region of jaws, presented previous radiographic lesion, had more than 13 minutes of surgery time, and envolved teeth with periodontal disease. No difference in ORN prevalence beetwen groups of patients, surgical procedures, or removed teeth were detected. The G2 protocol decreased ORN risk when teeth with periodontal problems were extracted.

Terapéutica osteoporótica y bifosfonatos: ¿existe relación alguna? / Osteoporotic therapeutics and biphosphonates: is there any relationship?

Los bifosfonatos presentan una acción terapéutica favorable en el tejido óseo de aquellos pacientes que presentan como causa etiológica la osteoporosis. El presente artículo pretende relacionar tratamiento crónico con bifosfonatos nitrogenados y osteoporosis, para lo cual la AAOMS define el concepto de osteonecrosis maxilar (ONM) asociada a tratamiento crónico con bifosfonatos como: área ósea necrótica expuesta al medio bucal con más de ocho semanas de permanencia, en presencia de tratamiento crónico con bifosfonatos, en ausencia de radioterapia en cabeza y cuello

Iatrogenia en implantología / Iatrogenia in implantologhy

We present a clinic case of a patient with oseointegrated implants with flapless technique, simulating Nobel guide technique in inappropriate use in Salta (Argentina).

Se presenta un caso clínico de iatrogenia en terapia de implantes óseo integrados, analizando los factores que llevaron al fracaso en una cirugía express, que consistió en aplicar técnica quirúrgica flapless o libre de colgajo, simulando técnica Nobel Guide, llevada a cabo en la ciudad de Salta (Argentina).

Un nuevo alerta rojo en odontología: la administración de bisfosfonatos / A new red alert in dentistry: the administration of biphosphonates

Los bifosfonatos son drogas que se utilizan para el tratamiento de distintas patologías correspondientes al área médica, ha sido relativamente incrementada en los últimos tiempos. A partir de ello se ha detectado un efecto secundario agresivo, comparable a la osteomielitis y que es una verdadera osteonecrosis de los maxilares. Su etiología es desconocida y su terapia incierta, motivos por los cuales el diagnóstico y las medidas preventivas se tornan imprescindibles en la odontología actual.

Dental management of low socioeconomic level patients before radiotherapy of the head and neck with special emphasis on the prevention of osteoradionecrosis

Head and neck cancer patients need to receive dental care previously to radiotherapy. Even patients who regularly visit dental offices need special attention including profilatic and curative treatments. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the dental status of Brazilian head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients with low socioeconomic level as well as to discuss the dental treatment performed and the oral side effects of radiotherapy. Forty patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma received dental care and dental extractions prior to radiotherapy and were were followed up for a mean period of 28.7 months after the cancer treatment. Before radiotherapy, 28 patients were dentulous and 12 edentulous, and all of them had poor oral health and hygiene. The most common treatment performed were dental extraction and 23 patients had 8.6 teeth extracted on average. One out of 9 (11.1 percent) patients developed radiation caries and 5 out of 23 cases (21.3 percent - Group I) developed osteoradionecrosis, being only 1 case associated with previous dental extraction. Brazilian low-socioeconomic level patients with head and neck cancer were submitted to multiple dental extractions due to poor dental condictions and inadequate oral care. The dental treatment did not prevent osteoradionecrosis, which presumably presented a multifactorial etiology in most cases.

Pacientes portadores de carcinomas espinocelulares em cabeça e pescoço necessitam receber tratamento odontológico antes da radioterapia. Mesmo pacientes que visitam regularmente consultórios odontológicos requerem especial atenção incluindo profilaxias e tratamentos curativos. Os objetivos desse estudo foram avaliar a condição odontológica de 40 pacientes de baixo nível sócio-econômico antes da radioterapia em cabeça e pescoço e discutir o tratamento odontológico realizado. Os pacientes foram acompanhados durante o tratamento oncológico. Antes da radioterapia, 28 pacientes eram dentados e doze edêntulos, sendo que todos esses apresentavam péssimas condições sistêmicas e higiene oral deficiente. O tratamento mais comumente empregado foi a extração dentária e 23 pacientes tiveram a média de 8,6 dentes extraídos (Grupo I). Um em 9 (11,1 por cento) pacientes desenvolveram cárie por radiação e 5 em 23 (21,73 por cento) osteorradionecrose, sendo um caso associado a extrações dentárias prévias à radioterapia e outros de origem multifatorial. Pacientes de baixo nível socioeconômico com carcinoma espinocelular em cabeça e pescoço receberam múltiplas extrações dentárias devido à condição dentária precária e má higienização. O tratamento odontológico não preveniu a osteorradionecrose, que apresenta origem multifatorial na maioria dos casos.